Seduction,Lust and manipulation-how forensic software solved murder

Mechelle Hughes , a mom and respecatble member of her community,otherwise known as Bobby Jo , a very attractive former stripper masterminded the murder of her fiance, Kent Leppink with the assistance of John Carlin IV, her lover who was an ex-marine and steelworker. As a stripper ,men showered her with money and presents.”Like all the dancers, Mechele had to reveal just enough of herself so the men would shower her with money and valuables , but hold back enough so they would come back for more.”
This is the story of a love triangle that ended tragically with murder.It was a cold case which was solved after ten years ,thanks to the latest advances in forensic software technology.
Mechelle wanted money and had no misgivings about how to get it-Kent's, $ 1 million insurance policy was modified after his murder to make her and John the beneficiaries of his estate. While John's passion for her meant he would do anything to have her.
This a story of seduction,lust and manipulation. Fleeman, Michael (2011-08-02). Seduced by Evil: The True Story of a Gorgeous Stripper-Turned-Suburban-Mom, Her Secret Past, and a Ruthless Murder St. Martin's Press. Kindle Edition.

Why do people hate?

What the hell are you doing in this country?” was the last word that-Omar ,45 year old black man heard before being kicked in the stomach and falling to the ground at the Mariatoget underground train station south of stockholm by Oscar , the 39 year old nazi .He became unconscious as he was kicked once more in the head ,striking his head against the  stone floor when he tried to get It was the June 12 2008 and Omar had just finished watching a football match at Viking bar and on his way to catch a train home.At the same time,Oscar came out of a train and climbed up the escalator,making a Hitler salute with one hand pointing upwards,screaming ”seig heil” several times before he attacked Omar. It was an unprovoked attack just because of Omar's skin colour.”SMR(Svenska motståndsrorelsen-Swedish resistance movement) hates,hates,hates all black men,”said Oscar when he was arrested later by the police.” I dont remember anything because I was very drunk,” when Oscar was asked by the police if the attack had been motivated by his hatred of foreigners. Omar later said that he was shocked by the attack and is afraid to go out. The greatest number of hate crimes are recorded in the county of Stockholm.1,014 hate incidents were recorded in 2007 which wass an increase of 16 per cent compared with 2006. Hate crimes often involve unprovoked attacks on people either of their sexual orientation or skin colour. Hate crimes can vary from vandalisation of property to murder.The commonest motive is hatred of foreigners.

Search engine optimization and blogging

This is an excellent introduction and guide on how to raise your ranking on Google and other search engines. There are practical examples of how to achieve to achieve the through on-page/off-page optimization , link building,blogging,blog commenting and guest posting on other blogs.I highly recommend this gem for online marketing.

When you love somebody who loves herself

Honey is always talking about
Her parties and promotions
Self inflation is the fashion of the day
With hundreds of pictures
On instagram or facebook
Daily film clips on Youtube
Seeking to be a microcelebrity
She has one million followers on Twitter
Are You following me on Twitter?
Facebook has a limit of five thousand friends But Honey would like to have more than that
Is that what they call narcissism?

Root causes of recent unrest in Stockholm

The riots in Husby which spread to other parts of Sweden in May can be attributed to several factors.Firstly,according to the far right the country,s borders are too open-about 14% of a population of about 10 million are immigrant or asylum seekers. Secondly,integration has been a failure.Young people born to immigrants complain of job discrimination. Thirdly,the far right Swedish Democrats party has become popular as Europe becomes increasingly uneasy about islamic extremism. In addition,the unemployment rate of around 8 per cent is double in the immigrant dominated areas such as Rinkeby or Husby and four times for those under 25 years of age.Frustration has worsened due to reports of racial profiling and police harassment or brutality. Finally,the widening gap between rich and poor in a country which used to be an example for equality and social harmony between social classes.

Beach fun

July is here
Its warm and sunny outside
As I gaze through my window
Took the bus to the beach
People all over as I changed
For a swim
Women showing more skin

In bikinis or hot pants
Long legs,tits,hips,thongs
Kids screaming in the water
Brown ducks floating
Still lukewarm in the water as I
Made my way step by step inside

Feeling the wind against my face
Its so relaxing as I dive into water
Deep inside the North sea
Gentle waves caressing my body
Its such a wonderful sensation
Moving in the ocean

What is minimalism?

Minimalism is, in its essence, about getting rid of the negative and non-essential, so that you may focus more on the positive and important-the various ways to free up your time and your physical space. To achieve that one has to create more mental space. Happiness, peace of mind, and inner freedom are the ultimate goals of minimalism Further,the ”80/ 20-rule” or ”Pareto Principle” is at the heart of what it means to be a minimalist. In other words twenty percent of a certain cause contributes eighty percent of the effect. Twenty percent of your work time creates eighty percent of the results, twenty percent of your clients contribute eighty percent of your income and so on. For example, regarding work , this means that one first needs to identify precisely what the core twenty-percent-activities which truly create value for ones's employer and the practitioner and then reducing to a minimum or eliminating completely the remaining eighty percent. This principle are applied to to concrete activities such as reading,studying,sleep,economics or travel in the book. What I like about the book is that it is lucid and full of practical examples. Hilmersen, Thomas (2012-08-30). The Minimalist Way: Stress Less, Live More . Kindle Edition.

Legal Procedure

This book discusses what it takes to be an effective legal advocate to a judge or jury.It stresses that a lawyer is part actor and part scholar and may sometimes argue a position that may be contrary to his or her personal beliefs about some factual or legal issue—which is where the “part actor” comes in. An effective advocate must champion that position enthusiastically, even if personally he or she may disagree with it. There are two main types of legal advocacy—advocacy to a judge and advocacy to a jury. The former involves a partisan discussion of the relevant facts and law, with an emphasis typically on the law. The latter likewise involves a partisan discussion of the facts and law, with an emphasis typically on the facts. To be an advocate is to be partisan for his or her client.In addition as an officer of the court he has an obligation to promote the ultimate objective of the court which is to ensure that the guilty be convicted and the innocent go free. A prosecutor, while a lawyer and legal advocate is a public servant whose first and foremost duty is to do justice. The book includes exercises which are scenarios under the factual hypothetical section backed by case law to help students sharpen their advocacy skills. Newton, Brent. Criminal Litigation and Legal Issues in Criminal Procedure . National Institute for Trial Advocacy. Kindle Edition.

Daniel died alone

Loneliness is a big problem in swedish society and may old people die alone without any relatives being present.Daniel,a 56 year old man orinally from Argentina lay dead in his flat at Bagarmossen ,a surburb in the south of Stockholm for two years without anybody missing him. Nobody knows exactly when he died because he simply disappeared without friends,relatives or work mates missing him. He lived on a small disability pension that went directly into his bank account. The rent and other bills were paid by direct debit.His body was discovered only when a real estate company forced open his door in order to make some renovations. For more than 30 years ago, Daniel was a young man of 20 years.Together with his wife Susanna and their parents, he came from the military dictatorship in Argentina to Sweden in the late 1970s.Daniel and Susanna had no children and divorced in 1981. Shortly after the divorce Susanna lefty Sweden. There are gaps in the Swedish population register, but Daniel's father Juan should have returned to Argentina in 1991 where he died in 1997. Daniel's mother Maria Rosa remained in Sweden with her son. Five years ago, she died at a nursing home in Jakobsberg north of Stockholm. After her mother's death seems to Daniel social contacts have ceased completely. “It is clear that he did not have a job the last years of his life,” according to a source. Ahmed Jabbar lived next door to Daniel . He remembers a nice, quiet man who looked much older than his 55 years. “He came alone here three years ago. We used to stand next to each other and smoke in the walkway. We said hello, that's all.Once I saw-him wander away alone with a fishing pole. But I never saw him with anyone.” The last years of his life lived Daniel on some form of disability pension and all his fixed bills were paid by direct debit. When police broke into the apartment they found a pile of advertising and free newspapers. Furthermore,there have been similar cases of people dying alone before. In april this year a postman raised an alarm about a 69-year-old man who lay dead in his apartment outside Sundsvall without anyone missing him. He had been dead for two months before the mail man noticed that it smelled from the mail slot. 3 years. 2011 found a 82-year-old man dead in his apartment in Tumba. The man had of putrefaction judge remained there for about three years. His bills were paid by direct debit. In 2011 company porters in Lund found a person who had lain dead in his apartment for three months as they distributed the company's newsletter and observed that the mail slot that was crammed with mail.

Loneliness is dangerous

Loneliness encourages various types of risk behavior, such as excessive alcohol consumption and suicide.Experts say that Swedes are more lonely today than 20 years ago and social isolation increases the risk of premature death by 50 percent, according to a U.S study published in Public library of science(PLOS-www.plosmedicine.org) Humans are social animals who are created to belong to a group. Having no affiliation affects us negatively. Social relationships holds you to a standard which protects you from various types of risk behaviour, such as drinking a lot of alcohol. Social isolation increases the risk of premature death by 50 percent, according to a Mikael Rostila, associate Professor of Sociology at the Centre for Health Equity Studies who has published a book on human relationships.

Accra - Stockholm

Accra, Ghanas huvudstad, liknar Stockholm, Sveriges huvudstad, på många sätt. Den har kust vid Atlanten precis som Stockholm. Det ger fiskemöjligheter för lokalbefolkningen, den infödda folkgruppen ga. I motsats till de jättefärjor som Birka Princess eller Viking Lines Cinderella som man ser vid Slussen i Stockholm, använder fiskarna i Accra kanoter och fisknät. Badstränderna Labadi, Osu, Jamestown och Nungua, för att nämna några, lockar turister som älskar bad, sol och stranden. Färsk fisk är också typiskt för ga-folkets matvanor. Allotei växte upp i Kokomlele, som är en förort till Accra. Det är en del av staden där många som små affärer ligger. Han kom från en stor familj. Ataa Ayi, hans far, hade barn med flera fruar. Allotei hade tre bröder, Ayitey, Ayikwei, Aflah och en syster, Dedei, med samma mamma, Susuana. Han hade samtidigt ytterligare två halvbröder och tre halvsystrar. Allotei var 39 år, journalist och lärare vid Ghanas institut för journalistik i Accra. Innan han bestämde sig för att att studera global elektronisk journalistik på Stockholm universitet hade han varit redaktör på telegrambyrån Ghana News Agency (GNA) på heltid. Livet blev svårt efter hans uppsägning från GNA. Han borjade frilansa på flera tidningar som Daily Graphic, Mirror, Spectator, Entertaining Eye, Echo, Uhuru och Public Agenda i Accra och tidskriften West Africa i London. Livet som frilansjournalist var tufft ekonomiskt. Hans månadsinkomst var helt enkelt oberäknelig. Därför bestämde han sig för att prova lyckan i Sverige. Men varför Sverige? Därför att det var det enda landet i världen där han kunde studera gratis. Allt han behövde var att lämna in två provartiklar och en ansökan till JMK. Med finansiell hjälp från Sussuana hans 70-åriga mamma och Heidi, en rik och generös kusin, köpte han en flygbiljett med ryska flygbolaget Aeroflot till Stockholm. Den 28 mars 1997 lämnade han familjens hus i Kokomlemle, en förort till Accra, i privat bil till flygplatsen varifrån han skulle flyga till Sverige. Aeroflots internationella flight 495 lämnade Kotoka Internationals flygplats i Accra omkring fyra klockan på eftermiddagen en fredag.

Should sex work be decriminilised?

Prostitution is defined as the practice of habitual or intermittent sex,more or less promiscuous, for economic considerations .It is characterised by three elements,payment,promiscuity and emotional indifference. It has been suggested that female poverty is the result of sexual discrimination and low wages in the labour market and that prostitution is a strategy for female survival under conditions of poverty A prostitute is any person who earns a living by the indiscriminate, willing and emotionally indifferent provision of services against payment,usually in advance but not necessarily in cash. Prostitution in the context of sex tourism has been labelled as a form of sexual imperialism by sections of the Asian women’s movement who point to the profits made by tour operators from industrial countries by incorporating prostitutes’ services in their packages of services sold to male tourists. This is attributed to the inferior economic position of some Asian countries which sought to gain from international trade through tourism. Another view is that sexuality has now been transformed to sexual labour in the transition to capitalism. Female sexuality has become a commodity as a result of changing perceptions of the value of their sexuality. As new forms of production were introduced, the value of female sexuality has changed and their sexuality and labour have become a new form of property forcing them to use it for their survival. movement There has been attempts to relate prostitution to marriage where women are traded as sexual objects. Marriage may be an economic transaction where girls or women are purchased through a bride price or a fee to an introduction agency. Prostitution has its origin and counterpart in traditional forms of exchange of girls or women for cash, child marriage, temporary marriage and trafficking of women for marriage .The mail order bride industry has integrated the sale of women into the global sex industry where women are trapped by poverty and lack of remedy such as divorce .Here marriage still reflects an aspect of prostitution since women have to allow access to their bodies in return for survival. For example, muta among shia moslems where marriage even for a couple of hours for sex is seen as religiously acceptable is an example. Sale of visual sex for purely economic considerations is not the same as prostitution but amounts to commercialisation of the body. Stripping, flashing and teasing for a living may be analysed at various levels.Firstly, as predominantly sexual .Here, the performance is dominated by sexual activity.Secondly, as predominabtly entertainment by the amount of entertainment it provides by way of dancing.A third variety is a combination of both.The performances include baring of breasts, flashing by lowering the G-string to expose the pubic area, floor work which is that segment which is done,sitting,kneeling or lying on the floor or prop work which may include use of the dance pole on stage. The type of the women who enter stripping tend to narcissistic who are fully aware of their attractiveness.However,the display of skin before a paying audience is purely for economic considerations and not for her own sexual arousal.The strippers basic and salable product is visual sex.The music and dancing used in their a performance are mere accessories.The occupational conditions means,firstly,isolation from affective social relationships,secondly,unsatisfactory relationships with males and thirdly an opportunity structure allowing a wide range of sexual behaviour. As the clubs seek to maximize profits they put on many dancers which creates greater competition , forces down earnings and compels the stripper to engage in practices such as lap dancing or prostitution. The profit levels are are enhanced by the non-payment of benefits such as sick benefits since club owners treat strippers as independent contractors renting space in the club. Female sex tourism by western tourists is motivated by racist stereotypes using sex tourism to boost their privileged race and class status in their interaction with black men in the Africa or the Carribean.The women are looking for black men with good bodies or firm and muscular machines they can control. . The meaning of prostitution in the United Kingdom was determined in law by the decision of the court of Appeal in Regina V McFarlane(1993) when it dismissed an appeal by a man convicted of living on the earnings of prostitution and determined that, in considering the mischief of harassment and nuisance to members of the public on the streets, the distinction between “a clipper” and “a hooker” was immaterial. The unsuccessful appeal was brought by Eric McFarlane, aged 39, from his conviction at Knightsbridge Crown Court, before Judge Hordern, QC and a jury, on a charge of living wholly or in partly on the earnings of the prostitution of a woman, contrary to of the Sexual Offences Act 1956. He was sentenced to four months imprisonment. Prostitutes can be divided,firstly,the lower-class hooker or streetwalker,,secondly,the call girl and thirdly, the pleasure girl.The hooker does not have a fixed address ,relying on passing trade. The call girl is more expensive.Her services are more expensive because of the cost of accommodation and telephone are included.She can afford to be more selective in her choice of customers and services offered.The pleasure- girl includes models, beauty queens, social climbers and cover girls.A term referring to all women using their bodies and female attraction not merely in exchange for money but in pursuit of getting contacts with the famous and powereful and to achieve social advancement. In the indoor markets where the quality of service implies that a hooker may stay with a client for hours rather than minutes, a set routine may emerge. Sandra, a call girl describes the five stage process she goes through with each client as”settling him in”,” getting him going”, getting him to shoot his load”,”reassuring him”, “normalising” and “getting him out.” The prostitute does what every woman continues to do-they sell their bodies for money while women do likewise for love; prostitute’s tease men with their provocative mini skirts while women do the same fully dressed. Women have developed the technique of surviving and being attractive for the sake of her partner and kids while a prostitutes does the same for herself and her customers. They may be divided into two distinct groups.Firstly,those who do it out of free will (voluntary prostitutes) and secondly,those who do it because of their own psycho-neurotic needs(compulsive prostitutes)There may be three factors that influence hers decision in the case of the second group;namely,predisposing ,attracting and precipitating factors. Predisposing factors may be promiscuous parents or a broken home,attractive factors may be monetary gains or a more exciting life and precipitating factors may be unhappy love life. Those who require the services of prostitutes may be divided into various categories. Firstly,the male who for one reason or the other is deprived of sexual gratification.Examples include sailors, soldiers, commercial travellers police men or the widower who may not want to remarry. Secondly, the shy young man who is unable to experiment with girls of his own age group because he is unsure of himself. Thirdly, lonely men who need company. Fourthly,deviant men whose sexual needs are not satisfied by normal intercourse with a woman. Fifthly,husbands or partners of menopausal women who are less inclined to sexual intercourse than they were a few years back. For women between the ages of 45-55,the menopause is a difficult period in terms of sexual intercourse. Symptoms of the menopause include nervousness,headaches,instability,insomnia,poor memory,moodiness,feelings of inadequacy,tiredness,lack of concentration,palpitations,back ache and aching joints,. The loss of oestrogen causes some wasting away of the genital tract resulting in potential irritation and discomfort and reduced sensitivity of the vaginal walls and greater unresponsiveness which in combination with the forgoing factors make a loss of libido likely and even when even intercourse is wanted it can either prove to be less satisfying than usual or less enjoyable or in a number of caseseven quite painful. Men who find themselves in this kind of situation may turn their attention to to street walkers or other types of prostitutes. Reasons given by clients for accessing the services of hookers include,” no other partner” “,not enough sex with wife/partner”, “excitement” and “ an alternative to masturbation. According one client,” doing it myself is not much fun, “Estimates of the numbers of clients based on the numbers of hookers and the amount of work they do indicates that 11 per cent of the adult male population in the UK pays for sex fairly regularly. The level of resources that would be required to police the behaviour of such a large proportion of the population is unthinkable.Police and allied agencies who have to monitor and arrest violent sex offenders are already overstretched. Opponents of prostitution argue that it is not possible to raise prostitution to the level of a profession because professions such as law and medicine require candidates to attain a body of skills and attain an examinable standard assessed by their peers.Professional bodies play gatekeeping roles to ensure that attractive opportunities opportunities open to professionals are not undermined by cheaper unqualified labour. Consequently, licensing of prostitutes would only be meaningful if they are able to undertake courses to equip them for their profession while licensing boards would impose standards which reflect the kinds of knowledge and skills required for the sex provider’s work and protect clients from any harm resulting from her work. Other supporters of prostitution suggest that women possess special sexual skills.Street walkers stress the skills of getting men to ejaculate rapidly to avoid the discomfort of being used too long.Critics of this line of argument state that this consists of moving round and making noises which does not seem to be more specialised than the action of other women who are not getting paid who want the men they live with to end dull sexual intercourse so they can go to sleep. Some of the arguments in favour of decriminalization of prostitution include reduction of teenage pregnancies, elimination traditional hypocrisy and double standards, reduction of crime by bringing down the level of blackmail,violence,pimps.Legalization of brothels will strengthen the marriage bond and reduce the number of divorces.By reducing divorces,it will contribute to strengthening the shrinking family unit and thus reduce juvenile crime. Besides,it has been suggested that prostitution provides a useful social service for the sick,the ugly,the deformed,the old and the disabled.For example,sexual frustration among prisoners is a cause of homosexuality among inmates.This argument is supported by the fact that homosexuality is rampant is residential boys schools where access to the opposite sex is quite restricted. Further,it is argued that female prostitution tends to reduce homosexuality. By associating with females the male learns the traits of sensitivity, tenderness and warmth which will ultimately make him a successful partner.Where masculine traits are lacking the male becomes either too closely associated with the mother or finds himself in a position of conflict with her.His familiarity with persons of the opposite sex other than his mother is adversely affected. This may explain why some men are put off by an increasing number of strong-willed, assertive group of women who as a reaction prefer friendship with other men. Further,at a social level it is argued that decriminalisation will eradicate traditional hypocrisy and make double standards unnecessary as well as reduce crime generally. For example, street walkers who are on drugs work much longer hours than those who are not.Similarly, those who have to pay fines will have to work harder than those who are not caught.More frequent contacts are more likely to result in the spread of sexually transmitted disease.It likely that a prostitute who operates from a licensed brothel would not need the protection of the kind provided by pimps or criminal organizations or need to work long hours and hence find drug use unnecessary. However,it has been suggested that there are pimps whose services prostitutes consider to be an asset by acting as agents. They offer a series of practical services for a price which is necessary such as soliciting for sex by finding clients,giving warnings of police arrivals as well as protection from violence or robbery or giving free sex services. When it comes to present day society,there appears to be some confusion in its approach to love and marriage.Women have worsened the situation by maintaining a degree of universality of her role within marriage and society by claiming that they can be wife,mother,sister,mistress and friend at the same time.Previously,there was a distinction between profane and sacred love and it was considered acceptable that a human being is capable of both of looking up to heaven and wallowing in hell.The distinction between pure and impure love is to highlight the idea that our sexuality is capable of being directed in at least two ways. Indeed, there is a school of thought which divides women into three categories When it comes availability of sexual favours.Firstly,those loyal to one man who would prefer death to ‘forced’ intercourse.Secondly,the not so high minded who would occasionally provide sexual favours to achieve an objective and thirdly,the saleswoman who because of their moral upbringing or environment or hormonal development or psychological heritage attach no importance to their sex organ and are prepared to sell it. According to J.C Flugel in his book “The Psycho Analytic Study of a Family”, the sexual elements of love are more frequently aroused in a woman together with tenderness and esteem whereas in a man, they can be isolated from each other.Most women may only be capable of having sex only with a man with whom they are in love while some men are content with having sex with a slut just for the sake of gratification. Critics of commercial sex argue that it encourages violence against women.“I am down on whores and shan’t quit ripping them till I do get buckled…” is a quote from a letter sent to the press by someone claiming to be Jack the Ripper,the notorious White Chapel murderer in 1888.It has been suggested that prostitution facilitates murder of sex workers.Sex workers experience violence from clients or men who pretend to be clients,vigilantes,muggers,robbers,partners,pimps and managers. Violence from clients and vigilantes and robbers often takes place while the victim is at work.At the street level the public nature of the work exposes them to aggression from street people and clients.A sex worker may have sex in a car,or outdoors,in alleyways, industrial units,parks,derelict buildings buildings or go to the clients home. Potterat et al(2003) state that in the United States . sex workers are more likely to be murdered than women of similar demographic charateristics.They concluded that the homicide rate is many times higher than for any occupation in the developed world.” Location of work is a critical factor regarding the risk of being murdered, The risk of being murdered as a sex worker is higher for street walkers.An analysis of press reports of 84 deaths and disappearances of sex workers in the UK between 1990 and 2004 shows that only one out of the group was male.The majority were street workers who were last seen alive while working.While others worked from pubs and lorry parks.Only one indoor worker was killed at premises were other people were present at the time of the murder.Eight other indoor workers were found dead either in their own premises or in the homes of clients who were subsequently convicted. .Indoor workers may operate alone, making them vulnerable to attack; where they operate in a group they may be targeted for robbery since the more workers there are in one place, the greater the amount of cash likely to be on the premises. Research carried out by Channel 4 in 2002 found 52 per cent of sex workers experienced attacks for no apparent reason. However,some of the possible reasons that may have triggered the attacks include sex workers refusing the type of services the client wanted ,disputes over money or clients refusing to pay,sex workers saying time up before the client could ejaculate after being paid or the client being unable to get an erection. Clients’ problems with ejaculation are frequently related to alcohol use which in itself has potential for violence.Since much sex work takes place at night as pubs and clubs are closing sex workers will be exposed to the effects of alcohol from their clientele. Physical location facilitates violence against street workers since interaction takes place In dark,isolated places where attacks take place.Clients and others who attack sex workers share common social attitudes that sex workers are worthless individuals, degraded women who deserve punishment. It would be difficult change such attitudes as long as policies and public statements about sex work reinforce an atmosphere of abhorrence aimed at shaming and humiliating clients. Sex worker deaths by homicide are likely to be unrecorded since the coding system does not include in its record of “key occupation” those women who have other forms of unemployment or whose involvement in sex work is concealed. Women who work in institutions providing sex-related entertainment such as night clubs,escort services or massage parlours have a sexual identity which is defined as a personal service.They are largely protected from the police,the law and the court.The legal framework in which these commercial institutions they operate does not view prostitutes as criminals but as wage workers. Prostitution law affects them only when it can be proved that they have engaged in sex for money Physical coercion, abduction and debt bondage deprive women of their civil and human rights which are exploited to turn them into objects of slave labour.Whatever physical assets they may possess are to be used to provide pleasure for their clients while they derive no lasting rewards except maintenance provided by the brothel owner who collects all the benefits.In cases of socio-economic coercion women must compete with each other and expose their assets to attract clients.They must also invest in their assets to maintain their value by buying clothing and cosmetics and ensure a certain degree of mobility within the hierarchy of the sex industry.Such mobility determined by the sustainability of their physical appearance and fluctuations in the market. Downward mobility from well paid forms of prostitution to street soliciting may occur in the course of the hooker’s life.Upward mobility is also possible for hookers who use their experience in the different institutions to acquire knowledge about the market in order to operate more independently. The institutionalisation of criminality in prostitution compromises the position of hookers in relation to their employers and clients and worsens the existing relation of patronage. The criminalisation of prostitution renders hookers more vulnerable to control by employers of their physical mobility,labour and earnings.The use of the wage system as a redistributive measure and a bargaining tool is therefore minimised. Discrimination against prostitutes is considered to as one of a more generalized trend of discrimination through sex-stereotyped occupations in the wage labour sector where women are crowded into a limited range of low paid servicing functions on the basis of their gender. A parallel is drawn between prostitution and other sex stereotyped occupations such as waitresses, fashion models and secretaries. Therefore, hookers should not be criticised as the only women opting for work which in some ways panders to male dominance. In a society with sexual disadvantages, the choice presented to women generally by way of wage labour or domestic work is likely to lead to the same trap. The English collective of prostitutes stated in a newsletter it is poverty which should outlawed and prostitution.It is argued that it is one form of women’s struggle to get paid for housework-by getting paid for the sexual services all women are expected to give for free.”After all,who are prostitutes but housewives who go out for an evening job.”Against this thesis it has been stated that it is impossible to equate a housewife with a hooker on the basis of poverty and wagelessness because not all hookers are poor and not all poor housewives enter prostitution. In conclusion,society’s hatred of commercial sex has resulted in laws and law enforcement strategies that prevent neither violence nor exploitation of sex workers.The legal framework makes all forms of sex work dangerous and proposals for making it safe are rejected in order not to encourage prostitution.

Stockholm Street dance festival

www.stockholminfo.se www.alltomstockholm.se Sundays can be boring sometimes.However,yesterday was exciting because,I made a chance visit to the Stockholm street dance festival at Kungstrågärden.The audience was big including many tourists.I was reminded of the many street musicians who play around the city to entertain and make a living without having to beg and suffer humiliation.However,some street musicians have been stopped by police or city guards because they had no permission to play at a venue. The team of the group I saw was led by Brian from New York.Others included Ludwig and Vincent from Sweden and Spain respectively.

Adult dating,ghost profiles and law

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Law and Free speech

In her article”WHEN LAW MOVES QUICKER THAN CULTURE: KEY

JURISPRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS SHAPING THE US ADULT CONTENT PRODUCTION INDUSTRY ,“Dr. Chauntelle Tibbels argues that relevant legal proceedings occurring during three eras of U.S. adult content production and distribution show pornography’s evolution from clandestine enterprise to legal, protected free speech. This evolution parallels the development of an

adult content production industry in California. And although two recent obscenity-related adult content production, sales, and distribution convictions have occurred, these cases were related to exceptional material

that violated the Cambria List guidelines.The vast majority of adult content produced since the Miller decision is not obscene; consequently, in this respect, the adult content production industry is a legal

legitimate space working to meet consumer demands with a legal legitimate  product.

“ It is important to note that instances of anti-pornography rhetoric, organizing, and activism occurring in wider U.S. culture are almost endless, as are instances of discrimination against persons currently or formerly involved in adult

content production.”

“What is more, one could argue that the specific cases discussed in this essay are themselves just additional indicators of

cultural discord related to adult content and adult content production.

The question then remains—why? Why, in spite of its legal and protected status, are adult content and adult content production still stigmatizing and polarizing dimensions of U.S. culture?” Relevant case law regarding obscenity engaged in conjunction with historical sociological considerations of cultural attitudes about adult entertainment

point to legal findings that outpace sociocultural evolutions Wider U.S. culture continues to struggle with pornography; however, in terms of obscenity, U.S. law does not. Legal proceedings cleared the way for adult content production and industry development, not legislation or voter sentiment.

“Members of the adult entertainment community were only able to establishlegal footholds within the context of greater U.S. culture by fighting back when attacked, demanding First and Fourth Amendment  rights.”

“ And, in spite of continued stigma and marginalization, the adultentertainment industry as a whole acts as a protective sentinel for every individual’s right to free expression. “

“In terms of adult content producers’ civil rights, however, law has moved much more quickly than culture. Though considerations of continued discrimination against pornography and adult content production are extremely troubling, in a society that continues to marginalize queer persons and the socio-economically disadvantaged (among so many others), marginalization is not exactly surprising.”

Forensics and the law

Cyril H. Wecht. Mortal Evidence: The Forensics Behind Nine Shocking  www.Amazon.com (kindle edition) 
Forensic pathology investigates a small proportion of deaths whose cause is difficult to determine. According to the author there is a body of clues that can help solve the mystery of not only how a person died, but also how long ago, and in some cases of murder, by whose hand. "Pinpoint bleeding" on the inside of an individual's lower eyelids can be a sign of strangulation. Frothy fluid in the lungs may suggest a drug overdose death in a young adult who shows no signs of heart disease. Those details are critical to a forensic pathologist as he tries to determine the circumstances surrounding a death. After all, the field of forensic pathology is focused on delving into deaths that are violent, suspicious, sudden, unexplained, unexpected, or medically unattended. The forensics behind cases nine shocking cases including the O.J Simpson trial,casino magnate Ted Binion's case and the Sam sheppard trial are examined in great deal. However,the author admits that there some deaths whose cause remain a mystery. This book would be interesting for crime fiction writers and those interested in the role of expert evidence inthe legal process

Financial Assisance

The general prohibition against the provision of financial assistance is based on the case of Trevor and Whitworth(1887) where it was established that a company limited by shares could not buy its own shares since this would amount to a reduction in the company’s capital.

Trevor and Whitworth established the principle that returning capital to members must be approved by the courts as a means of protecting creditors of the company.(s658(1) CA2006)

However, a limited liability company may acquire its own shares if it is in accordance with the statutory provisions of CA 2006,part 18.In other words, redemption in accordance with ss684-689 or purchase under ss690-737.

Financial assistance is defined broadly to cover a variety of transactions including, financial assistance by way of a gift, guarantee security or indemnity, release, or waiver or a loan and so on, all of which are listed in in the provisions on financial assistance in 677(1) CA 2006.The condition is that the transaction be of the type mentioned and amount to financial assistance.

Firstly, financial assistance is prohibited where it is given by a public company or any of its subsidiaries for the acquisition of its own shares.(s.678CA06)

Secondly, it is unlawful where it is given for the acquisition of a private company’s shares by any subsidiary of a private company which is a public company.(s.679CA06).The current rule against it is outlined in s680 CA06 . Owing to difficulties in the implementation of the Second EC Law Directive with respective to public companies, a company law review of the statutory provisions(ss151-158CA1985) recommended that the provisions on financial should not apply to private companies which have been adopted in ss 677-683 CA2006.

Although the provision on the giving of financial assistance have been repealed, the broader protective rules on distribution and reduction of capital as well as the common law principle(Trevor and Whitworth) still remain. As Arden LJ states in Chaston v SWP Group plc(2003)¹ 1 BCLC 675 at 689,there is no requirement of detriment with regard to these elements.

Financial assistance given by a company for the purchase of its shares can arise in many circumstances including the acquisition of a company by a bidder who borrows to fund the acquisition and then uses the company’s assets once control has been secured to repay the funding According to Arden LJ in Chaston v SWP Group plc “ the mischief remains the same, namely the resources of the target company and its subsidiaries should not be used directly or indirectly to assist the purchaser.”

The consequences of breach are both criminal and civil. A company and officer in default is liable to a fine and/or two years imprisonment.(s680CA06)

Transactions leading to a reduction in net assets of the company which cannot be covered by distributable resources will be caught by the rules against financial assistance.

Thus in Heald v O’Connor (1971)² 1 WLR 497 it was held that lending cash to a buyer of their company which was secured by a floating charge over the companies assets amounted to financial assistance for the purchase of the company’s shares which was unlawful and void.’

In Acatos and Hutheson plc v Watson(1995)³ it was held that it was lawful for Watson’s company to buy the assets of the sole asset holder in Acatos Ltd and that doing so did not infringe the rule in Trevor and Whitworth against a company acquiring or dealing in its own shares .While in Steen v Law (1964)⁴ it was held that advancing a loan to a private company which was a subsidiary of the target company by the appellants for the acquisition of shares in their company amounted to unlawful financial assistance.

The potential scope of the prohibition is wide but the courts tend to look at the transaction as a whole. Hoffmann J noted in Charterhouse Investment Trust v Tempest Diesels Ltd(1996)⁵ in it is the commercial realities that are essential in deciding whether or not a transaction amounts to financial assistance. In addition, to the assistance being financial assistance, the assistance must be given for the purpose of the acquisition or to reduce or discharge a liability incurred for the purpose of the acquisition.

The law recognises two types of financial assistance, namely contemporaneous financial assistance and subsequent financial assistance.s678(1) CA2006 covers the former while

S678(3) CA 2006 covers the latter.In Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (1979)⁶ it was held that the principal purpose of the transaction was to provide the defendant company with funds to acquire the plaintiff company which breached s.678(1).

In addition, where a person is acquiring or proposing to acquire shares in a private company,it is unlawful for a public company that is subsidiary of that company to give financial assistance for the purpose of that acquisition s679(1) CA2006 or to give financial assistance for the purpose of reducing or discharging a liability incurred for the purpose of making the acquisition.

One exception is that the law does not prohibit a subsidiary which is a foreign Company from giving assistance for the acquisition of shares in its holding company,s679(3).

In Arab Bank v Mercantile Holdings Ltd(1994)⁷ Millett J held that s151 CA 1985 did not prohibit a subsidiary from giving financial assistance for the acquisition of shares in its English parent company.

Even where the assistance is given for the purpose of the acquisition, the prohibition

would not apply if the company’s principal purpose in giving the assistance is not for the purpose of making any such acquisition or the giving of the assistance for that purpose is incidental to a larger purpose and that the assistance is given in good faith in the interests of the company. The larger purpose exceptions are outlined in ss678(2) (4) and 679(2)(4) CA06 .A breach of the provisions is a criminal offence.ss680(2)CA06.

The conditional and unconditional exceptions to the rule are outlined in ss681 and 682CA 06 respectively. The conditional exceptions are that either the company giving financial assistance(f/a) is a private one or if public the net assets are not reduced by the giving of f/a or the assistance is provided out of distributable profits. The unconditional exceptions include dividends lawfully made, bonus shares, reduction of capital under s641, redemption under s684 or purchase of shares under s.690.

The scope of the larger purpose defence has been reduced by the House of Lords decision in Brady v Brady(1989)⁸ where it rejected the decision of the High court and court of Appeal that financial assistance as part of a larger company reorganization to resolve the conflict between two brothers who controlled it and avert the imminent liquidation of the company fell within the exception. It stressed that the larger purpose must be something more than why the transaction was entered into.The transaction did not fall within the larger purpose exemption but

specific performance was granted as it fell within the private company exemption for providing financial assistance within ss155-158CA 1985.

One implication of the narrow interpretation in Brady v Brady is that it is difficult to determine what circumstances will fall within the exemption.

Secondly, s680 CA 2006 has abolished the provision of financial assistance only for private companies but has retained it for public companies.

In conclusion, the statement is true to the extent that the prohibition against the giving of lawful financial assistance only affects public companies.

The statement is valid to the extent that private companies are exempted from s678(1).Furthermore, where there are a combination of private and public companies it is the nature of the relationship between them as well as the mechanics of the transaction as a whole that is decisive. Nevertheless, on account of the severe restrictions placed on the application of the purpose exceptions by the decision in Brady v Brady it may be difficult for public companies to apply this exemption in concrete situations, notwithstanding the fact that lawful financial assistance is allowed for public companies under certain circumstances.

2.

a)Zed Ltd is the target of a compulsory winding up or liquidation(s124IA 1986) where the company gives up its business, sells off its assets, pays its debts and distributes whatever whatever surplus remains amongst its members or otherwise as its constitution may provide. The granting of a winding up order on 18 December 2011 means

Zed Ltd owes the creditor at least £750,has been served with a written demand which it has failed to satisfy after 21 days(s123(1)(a) or there has an execution or a judgement in his favour (s123(1)(b) or Zed is unable to pay its debts as they fall due(s123(1)(e) or the value of the company’s assets is less than its liabilities(s123(2)(balance sheet test.)

Under s238 IA86 transactions at under value means the company makes a gift to a person or enters into a transaction for which it gets no consideration, or the company enters into a transaction with that person for a consideration the value of which, in money or money’s worth, is significantly less than the value, in money or money’s worth, of the consideration provided by the company.

The gift of a minibus breaches s238I(4)A86 because it is made within the relevant period which is two years before the presentation of the petition and amounts to a transaction undervalue..Under 129(2)IA86 August 1 is the date for the commencement of the winding up (Blight Builders Ltd,2008)⁹

The court on the application of the liquidator may make such an order as it thinks fit to restore the pre-transaction position.In Phillips v Brewin Dolphin Lawrie Ltd (2001)¹⁰ the sale of BD’s shares to a bidder was undervalue.The consideration paid under the agreement was the value of the shares(valued by the court at £1,050,000 less than the amount of the redundancy payments paid by BD(£325,000) resulting in transaction at an undervalue amounting to £725,000.While in ReMC Bacon Ltd(1990)¹¹ the liquidators’ argument that the granting of a floating charge to secure an overdraft was a transaction under value failed.

However,under s238(5) transactions made in good faith for the purpose of the business and in the reasonable belief that Zed would benefit would not be invalid.The sale of a machine for £10,000 that was worth £9000 is unlikely to be challenged by the court because the parties were unaware of the petition.Factors that the court takes into account in approving a transaction include whether or not the transaction was made in good faith and if Zed obtain full market value or more for the asset.

S423 IA1986 also covers transactions at an undervalue(as defined in s238IA86).There is no time limit for the liquidator to make an application for a court order for restoring the pre-transaction position. The difficulty here is that the liquidator must show that the aim of the transaction was to put assets beyond the reach of creditors or otherwise prejudicing their interests.| s238 would be more appropriate because the liquidator need not prove that there was an attempt toplace assets beyond the reach of beyond the reach of creditors,

Furthermore, the liquidator would be advised that in order to preserve the property of Zed any dispositions of Zed’s property under the relevant period is void unless the court otherwise orders(s127IA86).

The issue here is whether or not the sale of the machine amounts to a disposition within the meaning of s127IA86.In Re Gray’s Inn Construction Co Ltd(1980)¹² the court of Appeal held that the transactions which were challenged were dispositions within the meaning of s127 and were void.However,Buckley LJ noted that a disposition carried out in good faith when the parties are unaware that a petition has been presented may normally be validated by the court.

b)Janice as director of Zed is a connected person. The issue here is whether the creation of the floating charge amounts to a preference within the meaning of s239IA86 with the effect of putting Janice in a better position in the event of the company going into insolvent liquidation(s239(4)IA86.Such a desire is presumed unless rebutted in the case of Janice since he is a connected person.(s239(6). The relevant time for floating charges for connected persons is two years before the onset of insolvency.Thus,the creation of the floating charge on8 Nov 2009 fell within the relevant time and is invalid .The liquidator would be advised to make an application to the court for restoration of the pre-preference position.In Power v Sharp Investments Ltd(1993¹³)BCC 609 the liquidator was successful in setting aside the creation of a floating charge .The charge has been registered with the Registrar of companies in line with s870CA06 but not in Zed’s own charges register in breach of s876(1) which is a criminal offence punishable by a fine(s876(4)CA06 but nonregistartion in this case does not affect the validity of the charge against liquidators. In Re Fairway Magazines¹⁴ (1993) it was held that the applicant who was a director of the company was only motivated by a desire to raise money quickily.While in MC Bacon Ltd (1990)¹⁵ it was held that there was no preference; the directors were influenced by a desire to stay in business not by a desire to improve the bank’s position as required by s.239.

The liquidator would be advised that the creation of a floating charge did not amount to a transaction undervalue within the meaning of s238IA86 because doing so did not did not diminish or reduce the assets of the company.( ReMC Bacon Ltd(1990)In Paramount Airways Ltd (1991)¹⁶ an administrator was able to claim in respect of funds paid into a bank account in Jersey.

c) The liquidator would be advised that an application under fraudulent trading(FT;s213IA86) and wrongful trading(WT;s214IA86) if successful creates personal liability and can form the basis for the summary remedy outlined in s212IA86 which is available to the liquidator on application to the court. The court can compel the directors to repay, restore or account for money or property lost to the company as a result of breaches of their duties under ss171-177CA06 by invoking s212(3)IA86 which is another way of swelling the company’s assets. In Re Kudos Business Solutions Ltd (2011) A sole shareholder and director of a company was guilty of misfeasance, breach of trust and wrongful trading through allowing the company to pay away advance payments made by its customers for services which the company was never in a position to provide.

With regard to WT it is not necessary to show fraud or dishonesty. What may amount to negligent disregard of the interest of creditors is sufficient. While dishonesty is an essential factor in fraudulent trading. An intent to defraud must be established in FT.In Re White & Osmond(Parkstone)Ltd Buckley J stated that “what was wrong was allowing the company to incur debts when it was clear that it would never be able to satisfy creditors.”

Secondly, both are exceptions to the corporate veil. An application from the liquidator under s213IA86 creates a parallel liability under 993CA06.

Thirdly, only a director can be liable for WT since it is basically a negligent failure of managment.While any person knowingly a party to fraudulent trading may be liable for FT; WT in itself is not a crime, proceedings in this case are purely civil and the court may decide to disqualify a director under s10 of the Company directors disqualification act(1986); the sanctions include an order requiring the director concerned to contribute to the assets of the company and disqualification of the director ;while FT creates criminal liability in s993CA06.

In addition, the provisions relating to WT are confined to conduct after the point of no return when the director concerned knew or ought to have known that there was no reasonable prospect of the company avoiding insolvent liquidation; while in FT, the whole period of trading is relevant.

Furthermore, the provisions relating to FT are directed against the improper incurring of new debt where there is no reasonable prospect of being paid; while the WT provisions are designed for the protection of past as well as future creditors.WT applies mainly to insolvent liquidation while FT applies to both solvent and insolvent liquidation.

In Re Maidstone Building Provisions Ltd (1971)¹⁷ the issue before the court was whether the company secretary was party to carrying on company business with intent to defraud creditors. The secretary who was also the company’s financial advisor was held to be liable for FT by failing to inform the directors that the company was insolvent and needed to stop trading.While in Re Gerald Cooper(Chemicals)Ltd (1978)¹⁸ the director of the company and the directors of a loan company were held liable for FT when they accepted payment from money he had received from a customer to supply indigo in the run up to liquidation when his company had no supplies of indigo. In Re Produce Marketing Consortium Ltd (1989)¹⁹ ,two directors were held liable for wrongful trading and jointly and severally liable to make a contribution of £75,000 towards the assets of the company; they could not rely on the ‘every step’ defence in s214(3) as the evidence was that they had not limited their trading activities to selling the perishable stock in the companies store. Also, in Re Purpoint Ltd(1991)²⁰BCC 121 the director of a printing company was ordered to pay a contribution of £53,572 towards the assets of the company for WT because he ought to have known at the latest May 1987 that there was no reasonable prospect of avoiding liquidation when he was warned by auditors about trading while insolvent.

In Blin v Johnstone (1988)²¹ a director was held liable for breach of trust and misapplication of funds for receiving payment above his normal salary when he knew the company was insolvent.

The liquidator would be advised that the summary remedy means s212IA86 allows him to make an application using ss213 and 214IA86 as grounds to demand civil and criminal sanctions against the Zed directors which if successful creates personal liability. One difficulty would be establishing dishonesty in relation to s.213IA beyond reasonable doubt. But that would be at the discretion of the court. It would be easier for

the liquidator to use the s214 on WT where he only needs to identify the point at which it was wrong for the directors to continue trading knowing that liquidation was unavoidable.

under s238(5) transactions made in good faith for the purpose of the business and in the reasonable belief that Zed would benefit would not be invalid. There is a defence available to the directors if they can show that they acted honestly under 1157CA06. If successful the court may excuse their unlawful conduct.

1 Chaston v SWP Group plc(2003) 1 BCLC 675 at 689

2 Heald v O’Connor (1971) 1 WLR

3 In Acatos and Hutheson plc v Watson(1995) 1 BCLC 218

4 Steen v Law (1964) AC 287

5 Charterhouse Investment Trust v Tempest Diesels Ltd(1996) BCLC 1 318

6 In Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (1979) Ch 250

7 Arab Bank v Mercantile Holdings Ltd(1994) 1BCLC 330

8 Brady v Brady(1989) AC 755

9 Blight Builders Ltd,2008) BCLC 245

10 In Phillips v Brewin Dolphin Lawrie Ltd (2001) BCC 864

11 ReMC Bacon Ltd(1990) BCC 78

12 Re Gray’s Inn Construction Co Ltd(1980) WLR 711

13 In Power v Sharp Investments Ltd(1993)BCC 609

14 Re Fairway Magazines (1993)

15 MC Bacon Ltd (1990) BCC 78

16 Paramount Airways Ltd (1991) 3 WLR 318

17 Re Maidstone Building Provisions Ltd (1971) 1 WLR 1075

18 Cooper(Chemicals)Ltd (1978) 2 Ch 262

19 In Re Produce Marketing Consortium Ltd (1989) BCLC 213,

20 in Re Purpoint Ltd(1991) BCC 121

21 Blin v Johnstone (1988) SC 63